Document ID: B_2_02
Section: B_Beings_and_Entities
Keywords: Anunnaki, Igigi, Enlil, Enki, Anu, Nibiru, Sitchin, Heiser, 12th Planet, ancient astronauts, reptilian, gold mining, human creation, Seven Who Decree, Ninhursag, Geshtu-e, Atra-Hasis creation, Igigi rebellion, Ningishzida, Ninmah, cross-cultural pattern
Category Tags: beings, entities, serpent-traditions, creation-myths
Cross-References: A_1_01 · A_2_03 · A_1_02 · A_1_03 · B_2_01 · B_2_04 · C_3_01 · H_1_01 · L_1_01 · L_3_01
Reliability Tier: Tier Mixed (1-4) (mixed evidence across tiers)
Last Updated: 2026-03-13 13, 2026 | Source Count: 16 | Weighted Score: 29 | Source Confidence: [3/5] | Confidence: Low (largely speculative, minimal verification)

QUICK SUMMARY

The Anunnaki are a group of deities in ancient Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, and Babylonian mythology. Their name means "Princely Offspring" or "Those of Royal Blood." In original texts they are anthropomorphic gods who decree the fates of humanity, participate in a divine assembly, and create humans as a labor force by mixing divine and earthly material. Modern alternative theories have reframed them as extraterrestrial visitors (Sitchin, 1976) and then as reptilian aliens (Icke, 1999). This document examines who they were in the ancient texts, the modern reinterpretations, the serpent symbolism surrounding the chief Anunnaki creator god Enki, and the extensive scholarly critiques of Sitchin's translations. The Anunnaki-reptilian equation is a modern construction; however, the genuine serpent symbolism surrounding Enki and his son Ningishzida is textually present and connects to the broader global serpent pattern.

Interpretation Categories (per Raptor framework):

• Scholarly — Mesopotamian divine pantheon; internal mytho-theological figures (Tier 1)
• Alternative — Extraterrestrial genetic engineers from Nibiru (Sitchin); Tier 3
• Speculative — Reptilian shapeshifting overlords (Icke); Tier 4

1. THE ANUNNAKI IN ORIGINAL SUMERIAN TEXTS

Reliability: TIER 1 — VERIFIED |

1.1 Etymology

• Sumerian: 𒀭𒀀𒉣𒈾 (d-a-nun-na)
• Meaning: "Princely offspring" / "Royal offspring" / "Seed of the Prince"
• The Akkadian loanword is "anunnak(k)u"
• Offspring of An (sky god) and Ki (earth goddess)
• No etymological relation to the sky deity An directly (despite the similar name)
• Sitchin's translation "Those who from heaven to earth came" is rejected by mainstream Assyriologists — the standard reading is "Princely Seed"

1.2 Role in Sumerian Mythology

• The Anunnaki were the most powerful deities in the Sumerian pantheon
• They "decreed the fates of mankind"
• They participated in the "assembly of the gods" — a divine parliament
• This assembly was seen as a counterpart to the semi-democratic system of the Third Dynasty of Ur

1.3 The Seven Who Decree

The core Anunnaki who made decisions for humanity:

1. An — God of the heavens
2. Enlil — God of air, chief of the pantheon
3. Enki — God of water, wisdom, and creation
4. Ninhursag — Mother goddess, earth goddess
5. Nanna — Moon god
6. Utu — Sun god
7. Inanna — Goddess of love, war, and Venus

1.4 Shifting Roles Over Time

KEY FINDING The Anunnaki shifted from sky gods to underworld gods over time — mirroring how serpent beings were gradually associated with the underground/underworld rather than the heavens.

2. THE ANUNNAKI AND HUMAN CREATION

Reliability: TIER 1 (textual) / TIER 2 (interpretation) |

2.1 The Atra-Hasis Account

The most detailed Sumerian/Akkadian account of human creation:

1. The Igigi (lesser gods) were forced to do manual labor for the Anunnaki
2. After 40 days of back-breaking work (digging canals, etc.), the Igigi rebelled
3. The Anunnaki debated what to do
4. Enki proposed creating a new being to take over the work
5. Enki and the birth goddess Ninmah/Ninhursag created humans by:

• Taking clay from the earth
• Mixing it with the blood and flesh of a slaughtered god (Geshtu-e, "the god who had intelligence")
• The human thus has both earthly and divine components

1. Fourteen birth goddesses were employed to create the first fourteen humans (seven male, seven female)
2. Humans were created specifically to be a LABOR FORCE for the gods

2.2 Interpretive Significance

• The creation account explicitly describes combining divine and earthly material — what modern language could call genetic engineering
• The divine component came from a god described as having INTELLIGENCE
• Humanity was created to serve — not worship — the gods
• This narrative differs fundamentally from "God created man in His image out of love"

2.3 Skeptical Position

• "Blood" likely means life-force/divine essence (metaphor), not literal DNA
• Imposing modern biotech concepts onto ancient mythology is anachronistic
• Creation-from-clay is a widespread Near Eastern motif, not necessarily technological description

KEY FINDING The Sumerian creation account describes combining divine and earthly material to produce a new being — a hybrid species designed for labor. Whether this is interpreted as literal genetic engineering or mythological metaphor remains the central debate.

3. ZECHARIA SITCHIN'S INTERPRETATION

Reliability: TIER 3 — SPECULATIVE |

3.1 The Theory (The Twelfth Planet, 1976)

Sitchin, a linguist who claimed to read Sumerian, proposed:

1. The Anunnaki were an advanced extraterrestrial species from a planet called Nibiru
2. Nibiru orbits the sun on a 3,600-year elliptical orbit
3. The Anunnaki came to Earth approximately 450,000 years ago
4. They came to mine gold (needed for their planet's atmosphere)
5. They established mining operations in South Africa
6. When the worker gods (Igigi) rebelled, the chief scientist Enki proposed creating a hybrid worker
7. Enki and Ninhursag genetically engineered Homo sapiens by combining Anunnaki DNA with Homo erectus
8. Humanity was created as a slave species to mine gold
9. The Anunnaki taught humans agriculture, writing, astronomy, and other knowledge
10. The Great Flood was a natural catastrophe the Anunnaki foresaw but chose not to warn humanity about (except Enki, who warned Ziusudra/Noah)

3.2 Sitchin on the Reptilian Connection

• Sitchin himself did not focus heavily on the "reptilian" aspect
• He described the Anunnaki as humanoid — more human than reptilian
• However, he noted serpent symbolism associated with Enki (intertwined serpents = DNA?)
• He interpreted Enki's serpent symbol as representing genetic knowledge

3.3 Verified Criticisms of Sitchin — TIER 1

Every mainstream Assyriologist who has reviewed Sitchin's translations rejects them.

Michael S. Heiser — Point-by-Point Rebuttals

• Extensive critique at SitchinIsWrong.com (https://sitchiniswrong.com/)
• Demonstrates specific errors in Sitchin's reading of cuneiform
• Specific translation failures documented:
• "Anunnaki" = "Those who from heaven to earth came" → mainstream: "Princely Seed" / "Royal Offspring"
• "Shem" = "rocket" → mainstream: "name" / "reputation" / monument
• "MU" = "rocket" → mainstream: "name," "year," or "incantation" depending on context
• Sitchin seems to mistranslate or selectively quote Sumerian texts
• Reliability of Heiser's critique: High

Ronald H. Fritze — Pseudoarchaeology Context

• Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-Religions
• Places Sitchin and Icke within the broader tradition of pseudo-history and pseudoarchaeology
• Reliability: High

Robert T. Carroll — Concise Critical Analysis

• Skeptic's Dictionary — Sitchin entry: https://www.skepdic.com/sitchin.html
• Reliability: High

The Selective Reading Problem

• Sitchin claimed to read Sumerian cuneiform, but his specific translations are rejected by every mainstream Assyriologist who has reviewed them
• He selectively quoted or paraphrased texts, often leaving out context that would undermine his interpretations
• "Rockets vs. Barges" — Sitchin interprets "shem" as a rocket; the word literally means "name" or "reputation" (a monument to make a name); the "skyships" described are often barges or chariots — poetic language, not necessarily technological

Nibiru Debunked

• In actual Babylonian astronomy, "Nibiru" refers to a star or celestial crossing point associated with Jupiter and with Marduk — it was never described as a 12th planet with a 3,600-year orbit
• No mainstream astronomer recognizes Nibiru as a real planet
• Repeated claims of its imminent arrival have been definitively disproven
• Sitchin's astronomical claims are not supported by any Sumerian or Babylonian astronomical text that mainstream scholars have verified

However: Sitchin brought enormous public attention to Sumerian texts and their biblical parallels.

4. DAVID ICKE'S REPTILIAN ANUNNAKI

Reliability: TIER 4 — DUBIOUS |

4.1 The Theory (The Biggest Secret, 1999)

Icke took Sitchin's foundation and added:

1. The Anunnaki are specifically reptilian in nature
2. They come from the Alpha Draconis star system (or are interdimensional)
3. They can shapeshift to appear human
4. They have interbred with humans to create hybrid bloodlines
5. These bloodlines run the world's power structures (royal families, bankers, politicians)
6. The Anunnaki feed on human fear and negative emotions ("loosh" — a "food source")
7. They operate from underground bases
8. Ancient serpent worship reflects direct contact with these beings

4.2 Sources Icke Drew From

• Sitchin's Anunnaki research
• Theosophical "serpent race" concepts (Helena Blavatsky, Maurice Doreal)
• Robert E. Howard's fiction ("The Shadow Kingdom," 1929) — serpent men who impersonate humans
• Credo Mutwa's African tradition accounts (Zulu: "Chitauri" — reptilian beings)
• Various alleged contactee and experiencer accounts

4.3 Critical Problems — TIER 1

Antisemitism Concern

• "Secret world controllers" narrative mirrors Protocols of the Elders of Zion (fabricated 1903)
• Specifically names families (Rothschilds) traditionally targeted by antisemitic conspiracies
• The "shapeshifting world rulers" narrative parallels historical antisemitic conspiracy theories

Academic Critique

• Tyson Lewis & Richard Kahn (2005): "The Reptoid Hypothesis: Utopian and Dystopian Representational Motifs in David Icke's Alien Conspiracy Theory" — Utopian Studies journal (JSTOR stable/20718709) — peer-reviewed academic analysis of how Icke's system works
• Reliability: High

Textual/Iconographic Problems

• In original Sumerian and Akkadian art, the Anunnaki are depicted as anthropomorphic (human-looking) beings wearing horned caps (divinity markers) and sometimes wings (bird association, not reptilian)
• No Sumerian text describes the Anunnaki as having scales, slit pupils, or reptilian features
• The "reptilian" aspect is Icke's 1990s addition — he merged Sitchin's Anunnaki research with the "Serpent Seed" doctrine, UFO abduction lore, and Theosophical "serpent race" concepts to create a new synthesis
• The connection between the Anunnaki and reptilian beings is interpretive — based on Enki's serpent symbolism and the serpent in Eden — rather than explicit in the texts
• No physical evidence of shapeshifting reptilian beings has been verified

KEY FINDING Whether or not one accepts Icke's modern conspiracy framing, the ANCIENT traditions he draws from are real. The question is not whether ancient people described serpent beings — they clearly did — but what those descriptions actually represent.

[KEY FINDING — NEGATIVE] The direct equation of Anunnaki = Reptilian Aliens is a modern construction. In original Sumerian texts, the Anunnaki are anthropomorphic deities. Sitchin added the "alien" layer; Icke added the "reptilian" layer. Neither is directly supported by the primary Sumerian sources.

[KEY FINDING — COUNTER] However, the CONNECTION between the Anunnaki and serpent beings is genuinely present in the texts through Enki — the chief creator deity who is symbolized by intertwined serpents, lives underground (in the Abzu), gives forbidden knowledge, defies authority, and whose son Ningishzida is literally depicted AS a serpent. Also, Credo Mutwa's Zulu tradition of the "Chitauri" exists independently of both Sitchin and Icke, drawing on African oral traditions that predate Western contact.

5. THE ENKI-SERPENT CONNECTION IN ANCIENT TEXTS

Reliability: TIER 1 (textual evidence) / TIER 2 (interpretation) |

5.1 Evidence Connecting Enki to Serpent Beings

1. The Caduceus: Enki's symbol is two intertwined serpents — identical to the medical caduceus
2. The Abzu: Enki lives in the underground freshwater realm — serpent beings worldwide are underground
3. Knowledge Giver: Enki gives humanity knowledge, just as the biblical serpent does
4. Defiance of Authority: Enki defies the other gods to help humanity, just as the serpent in Eden defies God
5. Creation Through Mixing: Enki creates humanity through mixing divine and earthly material — genetic engineering
6. Ningishzida: Enki's son, depicted AS a serpent, is called "Lord of the Good Tree"

5.2 The "Temptation Seal" — TIER 2

• Akkadian cylinder seal (British Museum, c. 2300 BCE)
• Two figures on either side of a tree with a serpent — predating Genesis
• Appears to depict the Eden story carved in stone over 1,000 years BEFORE Genesis was written

5.3 Ningishzida and the Garden

• Ningishzida = "Lord of the Good Tree"
• He is a serpent deity who guards the door to heaven
• He accompanies the human Adapa before the gods
• His tree symbolism + serpent nature + guardian role = the serpent in the Garden of Eden
• This is perhaps the most direct link between the Anunnaki and the biblical serpent

KEY FINDING The "Temptation Seal" shows what appears to be the Eden story carved in stone over 1,000 years BEFORE Genesis was written.

6. THE GOLD MINING THEORY

Reliability: TIER 3 — SPECULATIVE |

6.1 The Sumerian Connection

• Sumerian texts describe the gods mining and working
• The Igigi rebellion was specifically about LABOR conditions
• South Africa has some of the world's largest gold deposits AND some of the oldest known mines

6.2 South African Ancient Mines

• Ancient mines in South Africa (Swaziland/Eswatini) have been dated to over 40,000 years ago
• Michael Tellinger's research documents extensive ancient stone ruins in South Africa
• These ruins include what appear to be massive stone circles and channels
• [ALTERNATIVE] Tellinger proposes these are remnants of Anunnaki mining operations
• [NEEDS VERIFICATION] The dating and interpretation of these sites is debated in mainstream archaeology

6.3 The Gold Question

• Why would advanced beings need gold?
• Sitchin claimed it was for atmospheric protection on Nibiru
• Gold is the most useful metal in advanced technology (computing, medicine, space tech)
• Gold nanoparticles have actual applications in atmospheric science
• [SPECULATIVE] Researchers note that gold's unique properties make it useful in ways ancient humans wouldn't have understood

7. THE BLOODLINE THEORY

Reliability: TIER 2 (claims exist) / TIER 3 (interpretation) |

7.1 Royal Bloodlines and Serpent Descent

Multiple royal lineages claim descent from serpent/reptilian/divine beings:

7.2 The Merovingian Connection

• The Merovingian dynasty (450-751 CE) of French/Frankish kings have a curious origin myth
• Merovech, the dynasty's founder, was said to have TWO fathers:
• His mother's husband, King Clodio
• A "beast of Neptune" (Quinotaur — a bull-like sea creature)
• This suggests hybridization between human and non-human
• The Merovingians were associated with magic, healing powers, and the occult

[PATTERN] Royal bloodlines from serpent/divine beings appear in virtually every major civilization.

8. THE SUMERIAN-HINDU CONNECTION

Reliability: TIER 2 — CREDIBLE |

Striking Parallels

KEY FINDING The parallels between Sumerian and Hindu traditions are so extensive that they suggest either: (1) a common source tradition predating both, (2) direct contact between the civilizations, or (3) both describing the same real phenomena/beings.

9. CRITICAL & SKEPTICAL PERSPECTIVES — CONSOLIDATED

9.1 What Is Verified ✓

• The Anunnaki are well-documented Sumerian deities
• Enki's serpent symbolism is genuinely present in the texts
• Ningishzida is literally depicted as a serpent
• The creation narrative describes combining divine and earthly material
• Cross-cultural parallels exist (Sumerian-Hindu, etc.)
• Iconography is symbolic and not evidence of literal species [GPT5.2]

9.2 What Is NOT Supported by Primary Sources ✗

• Anunnaki = reptilian aliens
• Nibiru = 12th planet
• Shapeshifting
• Specific bloodline conspiracies
• Gold mining for atmospheric protection

9.3 The "Demystified" Frame [Gemini-unique]

• The Anunnaki in classical Mesopotamian scholarship are chthonic or judicial divine figures described in anthropomorphic terms — not as reptilian [Gemini]
• Many modern interpretations rely on selective readings or mistranslations [Gemini, GPT5.2]
• Separate mythological roles from later reinterpretations [Gemini]
• Track which claims rely on modern retellings vs. primary cuneiform evidence [Gemini]
• "Nibiru" in Babylonian astronomy = a star/crossing point associated with Jupiter — never a planet [Gemini]
• "Rockets vs. Barges" — the "skyships" described are often barges or chariots, poetic language, not technological descriptions [Gemini]

9.4 Academic Consensus Summary Table

10. SOURCES TO SEEK AND ACADEMIC BIBLIOGRAPHY

10.1 Primary Mesopotamian Resources [GPT5.2, Raptor]

• ETCSL (Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature): http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/
• CDLI (Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative): https://cdli.earth/
• Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia (Black & Green)
• The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character (Samuel Noah Kramer)
• The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures (James B. Pritchard)
• Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization (A. Leo Oppenheim)
• Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (DDD)
• The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture

10.2 Critical/Skeptical Works [Claude, Master, Raptor]

• Michael S. Heiser, SitchinIsWrong.com: https://sitchiniswrong.com/
• Tyson Lewis & Richard Kahn, "The Reptoid Hypothesis" — Utopian Studies (2005), JSTOR stable/20718709
• Ronald H. Fritze, Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-Religions
• Robert T. Carroll, Skeptic's Dictionary — Sitchin entry: https://www.skepdic.com/sitchin.html

10.3 Search Keywords [Raptor]

• Anunnaki origin texts
• Anunnaki reptilian theory
• Zecharia Sitchin critique
• Enki serpent symbolism cuneiform
• Ningishzida serpent deity
• Nibiru Babylonian astronomy

10.4 Research To-Do [Raptor, GPT5.2]

• Collect and store rebuttal docs and key academic articles (JSTOR papers, book chapters)
• Add Sitchin's main claims to detailed analysis with Heiser/Fritze/academic refutations
• Track earliest textual mentions and their contexts
• Note which claims rely on modern retellings vs. primary cuneiform evidence
• Separate mythological roles from later reinterpretations

OPEN QUESTIONS

• [ ] What do the untranslated Sumerian tablets contain about the Anunnaki?
• [ ] Is there a linguistic connection between "Anu-Naki" and the Hopi "Anu Sinom"?
• [ ] What is the actual age of the South African mine sites?
• [ ] How do the Anunnaki connect to the Egyptian gods?
• [ ] What is the significance of the number patterns in the Sumerian King List?
• [ ] Could the "Temptation Seal" definitively prove a Sumerian origin for the Eden story?
• [ ] Which accounts can be anchored to primary texts vs. later retellings? [Raptor]
• [ ] What are the earliest attestations for Anunnaki in cuneiform tablets? [GPT5.2]

SOURCE CITATIONS

Counter-Arguments & Criticisms

Zecharia Sitchin’s interpretation of Sumerian texts, claiming the Anunnaki were extraterrestrial visitors who genetically engineered humanity, is rejected by professional Assyriologists. Michael Heiser, a Semitic languages scholar, demonstrated that Sitchin’s cuneiform translations contain fundamental errors and that the claimed "Planet Nibiru" does not appear in Sumerian astronomical texts as Sitchin described. Mainstream Sumerologists including Thorkild Jacobsen and Samuel Noah Kramer interpret the Anunnaki as a group of deities in the Sumerian pantheon without extraterrestrial associations. NASA has confirmed that no undiscovered planet matching Nibiru’s description exists in the solar system.

IMAGES

Sources Consulted for This Document

Published Works Referenced

• Black, J. & Green, A. — Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia
• Fritze, Ronald H. — Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-Religions
• Heiser, Michael S. — SitchinIsWrong.com (https://sitchiniswrong.com/)
• Kramer, Samuel Noah — The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character
• Lewis, Tyson & Kahn, Richard — "The Reptoid Hypothesis" — Utopian Studies (2005)
• Oppenheim, A. Leo — Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization
• Pritchard, James B. — The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures
• Sitchin, Zecharia — The Twelfth Planet (1976)
• Icke, David — The Biggest Secret (1999)

Online / Institutional Resources

• ETCSL: http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/
• CDLI: https://cdli.earth/
• British Museum collection portal — https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection
• Skeptic's Dictionary — https://www.skepdic.com/sitchin.html

CHANGE LOG

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Kramer, Samuel Noah, (University of Chicago Press, ) | 1963 | "The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character" | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | isbn:9780226452388 | ∅ | ∅ | ∅
2. Jacobsen, Thorkild, (Yale University Press, ) | 1976 | "The Treasures of Darkness: A History of Mesopotamian Religion" | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | isbn:9780300022919 | ∅ | ∅ | ∅
3. Heiser, Michael S., (Logos Press, ) | 2004 | "The Myth That Is True: A Scholar Examines the Evidence for Zecharia Sitchin's Claims" | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅
4. Lambert, W.G.; Millard, A.R., (Oxford University Press, ) | 1969 | "Atra-hasis: The Babylonian Story of the Flood" | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | isbn:9780931464317 | ∅ | ∅ | ∅
5. Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony, (British Museum Press, ) | 1992 | "Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia" | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | isbn:9780292707948 | ∅ | ∅ | ∅
6. Sitchin, Zecharia, (Stein; Day, ) | 1976 | "The 12th Planet" | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | isbn:9780380393626 | ∅ | ∅ | ∅
7. Pritchard, James B., (Princeton University Press, ) | 1969 | "Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament" | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | isbn:9780691035321 | ∅ | ∅ | ∅
8. Dalley, Stephanie, (Oxford University Press, ) | 2000 | "Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others" | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | isbn:9780199538362 | ∅ | ∅ | ∅
9. Fritze, Ronald H., (Reaktion Books, ) | 2009 | "Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-Religions" | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | isbn:9781861894304 | ∅ | ∅ | ∅
10. Lewis, Tyson; Kahn, Richard, (Utopian Studies, ) | 2005 | "The Reptoid Hypothesis: Utopian and Dystopian Representational Motifs in David Icke's Alien Conspiracy Theory" | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | doi:10.2307/20718709 | ∅ | ∅ | ∅
11. Collon, Dominique, (British Museum Press, ) | 2005 | "First Impressions: Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East" | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | isbn:9780714111360 | ∅ | ∅ | ∅
12. George, Andrew R., (Oxford University Press, ) | 2003 | "The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts" | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | isbn:9780199278435 | ∅ | ∅ | ∅
13. Bottéro, Jean, (University of Chicago Press, ) | 2001 | "Religion in Ancient Mesopotamia" | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | isbn:9780226067186 | ∅ | ∅ | ∅
14. Carroll, Robert Todd, (Wiley, ) | 2003 | "The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions" | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | isbn:9780471272427 | ∅ | ∅ | ∅
15. Charpin, Dominique, (Harvard University Press, ) | 2010 | "Reading and Writing in Babylon" | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | isbn:9780674049680 | ∅ | ∅ | ∅
16. George, Alison. . )61003-4 | 2009 | "Review: Invented Knowledge: False history, fake science and pseudo-religions by Ronald Fritze" | New Scientist | ∅ | 202.2703::43 | ∅ | ∅ | doi:10.1016/s0262-4079(09 | ∅ | ∅ | ∅

CROSS-REFERENCE INDEX

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