G_1_00 — Archaeological Science Methods: Subfolder Summary

Subfolder: G1_Archaeological_Science_Methods | Parent Section: G — Modern Frameworks
Document Count: 17 | Last Updated: March 14, 2026
Category Tags: methodology, modern-frameworks, archaeology, remote-sensing, geophysics, technology, diet, biochemistry

OVERVIEW

This subfolder contains 17 documents covering Archaeological Science Methods within the Modern Frameworks section. Topics include Experimental Archaeology: Testing Ancient Technologies, Digital Archaeology: LiDAR, Remote Sensing, GIS, and AI in Discovery, Remote Sensing Satellite Archaeology and Geophysics, Isotope Analysis and Provenance Studies, eDNA and Environmental DNA — Reading Invisible Life and 12 more topics. Key themes span non-invasive, lidar, remote sensing, ground-penetrating radar, geophysics, provenance.

KEY POINTS

G_1_01 — Experimental archaeology is a sub-discipline that tests hypotheses about past technologies, construction methods, and subsistence strategies through physical replication and controlled…
G_1_02 — Digital archaeology encompasses a suite of non-invasive and computational technologies that have revolutionised how sites are discovered, documented, and interpreted.
G_1_03 — Remote sensing and geophysical survey — the use of satellite imagery, airborne sensors, and ground-based electromagnetic instruments to detect buried or hidden archaeological features without…
G_1_04 — Isotope analysis — the measurement of ratios of stable or radiogenic isotopes preserved in human bone, tooth enamel, animal remains, ceramics, metals, and organic residues — has become one of the…
G_1_05 — Environmental DNA (eDNA) refers to genetic material shed by organisms into their environment — through skin cells, mucus, feces, urine, gametes, decomposing tissue, pollen, root exudates, and…
G_1_06 — Paleoproteomics is the extraction, identification, and analysis of ancient proteins from archaeological and paleontological materials — an emerging molecular method that extends biological…
G_1_07 — Stable isotope analysis of human and animal remains — primarily the measurement of carbon ($\delta^{13}$C), nitrogen ($\delta^{15}$N), and sulfur ($\delta^{34}$S) isotope ratios in bone collagen,…
G_1_08 — Machine learning (ML) — the subset of artificial intelligence in which algorithms learn patterns from data rather than being explicitly programmed — is transforming archaeological practice across…
G_1_09 — Isotopic provenance analysis has revolutionized archaeology by enabling researchers to determine where an artifact was made, where a person grew up, what they ate, and **how far they…
G_1_10 — Photogrammetry and 3D scanning technologies have transformed archaeological and heritage documentation from two-dimensional plans and photographs into **millimeter-accurate, three-dimensional…
G_1_11 — Underwater remote sensing encompasses a suite of geophysical survey technologies — multibeam echosounder (MBES), side-scan sonar (SSS), magnetometry, and sub-bottom profiler (SBP)…
G_1_12 — Geoarchaeology applies the principles and methods of earth sciences — geology, geomorphology, sedimentology, soil science, and geochemistry — to archaeological problems, focusing on the…
G_1_13 — Use-wear analysis (also called traceology or microwear analysis) and residue studies are complementary methodologies that determine how ancient tools were used — what materials…
G_1_14 — Archaeometry — the application of physical and chemical science methods to archaeological materials — encompasses a broad range of analytical techniques used to determine the **composition,…
G_1_15 — Muon tomography (also called muography) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses naturally occurring cosmic-ray muons — subatomic particles produced when high-energy cosmic rays…

KEY THEMES & KEYWORDS

non-invasive, lidar, remote sensing, ground-penetrating radar, geophysics, provenance, icp-ms, mass spectrometry, experimental archaeology, satellite archaeology, photogrammetry, machine learning, multispectral imaging, structure from motion, gpr

DOCUMENT INDEX

Doc ID	Title	Key Focus	Confidence
G_1_01	Experimental Archaeology: Testing Ancient Technologies	Experimental archaeology is a sub-discipline that tests hypotheses about past technologies, construction methods, and…	[4/5]
G_1_02	Digital Archaeology: LiDAR, Remote Sensing, GIS, and AI in Discovery	Digital archaeology encompasses a suite of non-invasive and computational technologies that have revolutionised how…	[5/5]
G_1_03	Remote Sensing Satellite Archaeology and Geophysics	Remote sensing and geophysical survey — the use of satellite imagery, airborne sensors, and ground-based…	[5/5]
G_1_04	Isotope Analysis and Provenance Studies	Isotope analysis — the measurement of ratios of stable or radiogenic isotopes preserved in human bone, tooth…	[4/5]
G_1_05	eDNA and Environmental DNA — Reading Invisible Life	Environmental DNA (eDNA) refers to genetic material shed by organisms into their environment — through skin cells,…	[4/5]
G_1_06	Paleoproteomics — Ancient Proteins Beyond DNA	Paleoproteomics is the extraction, identification, and analysis of ancient proteins from archaeological and…	[4/5]
G_1_07	Stable Isotope Analysis and Ancient Diets	Stable isotope analysis of human and animal remains — primarily the measurement of carbon ($\delta^{13}$C),…	[4/5]
G_1_08	Machine Learning in Archaeology — Pattern Recognition in the Past	Machine learning (ML) — the subset of artificial intelligence in which algorithms learn patterns from data rather…	[4/5]
G_1_09	Provenance Analysis: Strontium, Lead, and Oxygen Isotope Sourcing	Isotopic provenance analysis has revolutionized archaeology by enabling researchers to determine **where an…	[4/5]
G_1_10	Photogrammetry and 3D Scanning in Heritage Documentation	Photogrammetry and 3D scanning technologies have transformed archaeological and heritage documentation from…	[4/5]
G_1_11	Underwater Remote Sensing — Multibeam, Magnetometry, Sub-Bottom Profiling	Underwater remote sensing encompasses a suite of geophysical survey technologies — **multibeam echosounder…	[4/5]
G_1_12	Geoarchaeology — Sediments, Soils, and Site Formation Processes	Geoarchaeology applies the principles and methods of earth sciences — geology, geomorphology, sedimentology,…	[4/5]
G_1_13	Use-Wear Analysis and Residue Studies — Reading Ancient Tools	Use-wear analysis (also called traceology or microwear analysis) and residue studies are complementary…	[4/5]
G_1_14	Archaeometry — Physical Science Methods in Archaeology	Archaeometry — the application of physical and chemical science methods to archaeological materials —…	[4/5]
G_1_15	Muon Tomography — Scanning Pyramids with Cosmic Rays	Muon tomography (also called muography) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses naturally occurring…	[4/5]
G_1_16	Ground-Penetrating Radar in Archaeological Prospection	Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a non-invasive geophysical survey technique that transmits short pulses of…	[4/5]
G_1_17	Experimental Replication of Ancient Technologies	Experimental replication — the systematic recreation of ancient objects, structures, and processes using materials,…	[4/5]

WHAT TO EXPECT

Documents in this subfolder follow the project's 4-tier evidence system:

Tier 1 (Verified): Peer-reviewed, archaeological record, primary texts
Tier 2 (Credible): Academic, debated but supported by evidence
Tier 3 (Speculative): Possible but unverified
Tier 4 (Dubious): No credible source or contradicted by evidence

Tier distribution in this subfolder: 1: 9 docs, 1–2: 6 docs

Each document includes a Quick Summary, tiered claims with specific evidence,

counter-arguments, bibliography, and cross-references to related documents across the corpus.

Subfolder summary auto-generated from corpus analysis. Last Updated: March 14, 2026

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