RESEARCH BASE
Search 3,721 documents across 34 fields — every claim tier-rated by evidence
3,633 are the core, quality-scored corpus (34 lettered sections — see How We Work); the remaining 88 are cross-corpus synthesis documents (68 InterDocs, 12 Connections, 8 Theories) also indexed here.
2,508 results for "CA" — page 98 of 126
P_3_10 — Skepticism and Pyrrhonism
Skepticism — the philosophical position that knowledge is uncertain, limited, or impossible — is one of the oldest and most persistent currents in philosophy. Ancient Pyrrhonian skepticism (Pyrrho, ~360–270 BCE; Sextus E
P_3_12 — Medieval Philosophy: Aquinas, Ockham, and Scholastic Thought
Medieval philosophy spans roughly a millennium of intellectual activity (c. 5th-15th centuries CE) dominated by the project of integrating faith and reason — reconciling the philosophical heritage of ancient Greece (espe
P_3_07 — Aristotle — Natural Philosophy, Cosmology, and Legacy
Aristotle (384–322 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and polymath whose works constitute the single most influential body of thought in the history of Western and Islamic intellectual tradition. A student of Plato for twenty
P_3_03 — Existentialism — Freedom, Anxiety, and Authentic Being
Existentialism is the philosophical movement that places individual existence, freedom, and choice at the center of philosophical inquiry. Originating with Kierkegaard's rebellion against Hegelian system-building and Nie
P_4_03 — Language, Naming, and the Creative Word
Across unrelated civilizations, language — specifically the spoken word — is understood as a creative force, not merely a communication tool. The Egyptian god Ptah creates the world through speech; the Hebrew God speaks
P_4_16 — Buddhist Logic & Nagarjuna's Tetralemma
Buddhist logic represents one of the world's most sophisticated philosophical traditions, developing independently from and in some ways surpassing Aristotelian logic in its treatment of negation, paradox, and the limits
P_4_01 — Death and the Afterlife Across Cultures
Every known human culture has developed beliefs about what happens after death — making afterlife cosmology one of the most universal features of human thought. The major frameworks include: judgment and reward/punishmen
P_4_02 — Perennial Philosophy and Universal Wisdom
The Perennial Philosophy — philosophia perennis — is the thesis that beneath the surface diversity of the world's religious and spiritual traditions lies a SINGLE, universal truth about the nature of reality and human ex
P_4_05 — Stoicism — Ancient Resilience Philosophy Applied to Modern Existence
Stoicism — founded by Zeno of Citium circa 300 BCE and developed over five centuries by thinkers ranging from freed slaves to Roman emperors — is one of history's most practically influential philosophical systems. Its c
P_1_19 — Philosophy of Mind
The philosophy of mind is the branch of philosophy that investigates the nature of mental phenomena — consciousness, intentionality, perception, emotion, belief, desire, and their relationship to the physical body and br
P_1_17 — Artificial Intelligence and the Consciousness Question
The question of whether artificial systems can possess consciousness — genuine subjective experience, phenomenal awareness, or "something it is like" to be that system (Thomas Nagel, 1974) — has moved from philosophical
P_1_18 — Process Philosophy: Whitehead, Event Ontology & Becoming
Process philosophy — the metaphysical tradition holding that reality is fundamentally constituted by processes, events, and becoming rather than by static substances or enduring matter — reaches its most systematic expre
P_1_10 — Philosophy of Technology
Philosophy of technology examines the nature, meaning, and ethical implications of technology — not merely as a collection of tools but as a fundamental mode of human existence that shapes perception, values, social rela
P_1_14 — Philosophy of Space: Absolute vs. Relational, and the Architecture of Being
The philosophy of space addresses one of the oldest questions in metaphysics: what is space? Is it a real, independently existing entity (an infinite container within which objects are located), or is it nothing more tha
P_1_06 — Personal Identity and Continuity
Personal identity — the question of what makes you you over time, and under what conditions you would cease to exist — is one of philosophy's most ancient and practically urgent problems. The core puzzle is persistence:
P_1_13 — Paradoxes in Philosophy: Zeno, Liar, Ship of Theseus, Sorites
A paradox is an argument that proceeds from apparently acceptable premises via apparently valid reasoning to a conclusion that is apparently unacceptable — forcing us either to reject a premise, identify a flaw in the re
P_1_04 — Free Will: Determinism, Compatibilism, and Libertarianism
The free will debate is central to the meaning of human existence: Are we the authors of our choices, or is every decision the inevitable consequence of prior causes? Three major positions dominate: (1) Hard determinism
P_1_08 — Philosophy of Mind and the Body Problem
The mind-body problem — how do mental states (thoughts, feelings, consciousness) relate to physical states (neurons, brains, bodies)? — is one of the oldest and most intractable problems in philosophy. Descartes (1641) f
P_5_01 — Is Mathematics Discovered or Invented?
One of the oldest and most consequential questions in philosophy: Does mathematics exist independently of human minds (Platonism), or is it a human invention — a language we construct to describe patterns (formalism/cons
P_5_13 — Leibniz: Monads, Theodicy, and Pre-Established Harmony
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) was among the most versatile intellects in Western history — a mathematician, philosopher, logician, diplomat, jurist, historian, and engineer who co-invented the infinitesimal calcu
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