ZA_2_14 — Penrose Twistor Theory: Spinor Geometry and Spacetime

Twistor theory — conceived by Roger Penrose beginning in 1967 — is a radical reformulation of the geometry underlying physics in which the fundamental objects are not points in spacetime but rather twistors: elements of

ZA_5_19 — Bekenstein Bound: Information Limits and the Physics of Black Holes

The Bekenstein bound — proposed by Jacob Bekenstein in 1981 — establishes a fundamental upper limit on the amount of information (entropy) that can be contained within a given region of space with a given amount of energ

ZA_4_00 — Condensed Matter Thermodynamics: Subfolder Summary

ZA_4_22 — Superconductivity: BCS Theory to High-Temperature

Superconductivity — the complete vanishing of electrical resistance and the expulsion of magnetic fields below a critical temperature — was discovered by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911, in mercury at 4.2 K. The

ZA_3_13 — Higgs Boson: The Origin of Mass and the Standard Model's Final Piece

The Higgs boson — discovered on July 4, 2012, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) — is the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, a scalar field that permeates all of space and gives ma

ZA_3_11 — Cosmic Ray Physics and Ultra-High-Energy Particles

Cosmic rays — high-energy particles (primarily protons, alpha particles, and heavier atomic nuclei, with a small fraction of electrons and antimatter) that bombard Earth from space — were discovered by Victor Hess in 191

ZA_3_00 — Particle Nuclear Physics: Subfolder Summary

ZA_3_09 — Dark Matter Particle Candidates and Detection

The evidence that approximately 27% of the universe's total energy density consists of dark matter — matter that interacts gravitationally but does not emit, absorb, or scatter electromagnetic radiation in any detectable