RESEARCH BASE
Search 3,721 documents across 34 fields — every claim tier-rated by evidence
3,633 are the core, quality-scored corpus (34 lettered sections — see How We Work); the remaining 88 are cross-corpus synthesis documents (68 InterDocs, 12 Connections, 8 Theories) also indexed here.
195 results for "lithic replication" — page 3 of 10
G_4_14 — Replication Crisis and What It Means for Ancient Claims
The replication crisis refers to the discovery, beginning in the early 2010s, that a substantial proportion of findings published in peer-reviewed scientific journals — particularly in psychology, social science, and bio
D_1_14 — Karahan Tepe — Pre-Pottery Neolithic Ritual Complex
Karahan Tepe is a Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) site in southeastern Turkey (Şanlıurfa Province), approximately 46 km southeast of Göbekli Tepe, dating to c. 9400–8200 BCE. Discovered during surface surveys in 1997 and sys
D_5_21 — Venus Figurines: Paleolithic Female Imagery and Prehistoric Symbolism
"Venus figurines" are small carved female statuettes — typically 5–25 cm in height — produced across a vast geographic range from southwestern France to Siberia during the Upper Paleolithic, primarily the Gravettian peri
M_3_01 — Impossible Precision in Ancient Construction
The Great Pyramid of Giza and Andean polygonal masonry demonstrate engineering precision that is VERIFIED, MEASURABLE, and often difficult to explain with proposed tool kits. These are not fringe claims — they are survey
M_3_12 — Stone Softening Claims: Mythological and Chemical Analysis
Among the most intriguing and elusive claims in alternative archaeology is the idea that ancient Andean peoples possessed a botanical or chemical method of "softening" stone — reducing hard stone (particularly the andesi
M_3_07 — Stone Age Precision — Avebury, Carnac, and European Megaliths
The European megalithic tradition — spanning from approximately 4800 to 1500 BCE across Atlantic Europe (Iberia, France, the British Isles, Scandinavia, and the central Mediterranean) — produced tens of thousands of monu
M_4_11 — Göbekli Tepe Climate Reconstruction: What Supported Its Builders?
Göbekli Tepe (~9600-8000 BCE), the monumental stone pillar sanctuary in southeastern Turkey, presents a fundamental puzzle: how did pre-agricultural hunter-gatherers — people who had not yet domesticated crops or animals
M_2_05 — Puma Punku H-Blocks — Engineering Analysis
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M_2_01 — Anomalous Megaliths: Nan Madol, Baalbek, and Unexplained Engineering
Several ancient megalithic sites worldwide exhibit engineering achievements that remain difficult to fully explain with our current understanding of the tools, techniques, and organizational capacity available to their b
M_1_12 — Ancient Electrical Phenomena: Baghdad Battery and Electroplating
The "Baghdad Battery" (also called the Parthian Battery) refers to a set of artifacts discovered in 1936 at Khujut Rabu (near Baghdad, Iraq) by German archaeologist Wilhelm König, then Director of the Baghdad Museum. The
M_1_16 — Göbekli Tepe Pillar & Enclosure Analysis
Göbekli Tepe — the monumental Neolithic ritual complex located on a limestone ridge ~15 km northeast of Şanlıurfa in southeastern Turkey (coordinates: 37°13′23″N, 38°55′21″E) — contains the oldest known monumental stone
A_1_24 — Natufian Culture
The Natufian culture (c. 15,000–11,500 BP) represents the critical transitional period between mobile hunter-gatherer lifeways and settled agricultural communities in the Levant. First defined by Dorothy Garrod in 1928 f
U_2_04 — Sculpture from Venus Figurines to Monumental Art
Sculpture — the shaping of three-dimensional form — represents one of humanity's oldest artistic expressions, from the Venus of Willendorf (c. 30,000 BP, Austria) to the monumental Moai of Rapa Nui (Easter Island, c. 125
ZH_4_01 — Stonehenge Astronomical Alignments: Solar, Lunar, Eclipse
Stonehenge, the iconic late Neolithic/early Bronze Age monument on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England (constructed in phases from c. 3000–2000 BCE), has been at the center of archaeoastronomical debate since the 18th ce
ZH_5_09 — Ancient Observatories: Kokino, Goseck, and Pre-Stonehenge Horizon Sites
Stonehenge is the world's most famous archaeoastronomical site — but it is neither the earliest nor the only ancient structure demonstrating systematic astronomical observation. Across Europe, the Near East, and Africa,
E_4_11 — The Holocene Climate Optimum and Mid-Holocene Transition
The Holocene Climate Optimum (also called the Holocene Thermal Maximum or Hypsithermal) designates a prolonged warm interval roughly spanning 9,000–5,000 years before present, during which Northern Hemisphere summer temp
E_4_07 — Calendar Systems and Ancient Time-Keeping
This document examines Calendar Systems and Ancient Time-Keeping, a topic within the Cataclysms and Chronology research area. Key areas of investigation include Sumerian Lunisolar Calendar, Babylonian Calendar, The MUL.A
J_2_19 — Polygonal Masonry: Precision Stone-Fitting in the Ancient World
Polygonal masonry — the construction of walls from irregularly shaped, multi-sided stone blocks fitted together with extraordinary precision, often without mortar — is among the most technically impressive and widely deb
G_1_13 — Use-Wear Analysis and Residue Studies — Reading Ancient Tools
Use-wear analysis (also called traceology or microwear analysis) and residue studies are complementary methodologies that determine how ancient tools were used — what materials they processed, what motions were involved,
G_1_01 — Experimental Archaeology: Testing Ancient Technologies
Experimental archaeology is a sub-discipline that tests hypotheses about past technologies, construction methods, and subsistence strategies through physical replication and controlled experimentation. From Thor Heyerdah
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