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1,234 results for "William of Ockham" — page 18 of 62
A_1_04 — Enki, Enlil, and the Sumerian Divine-Political Hierarchy
Enki and Enlil are the two most consequential deities in Sumerian religion, representing fundamentally opposed principles: Enki embodies wisdom, craft, water, and compassion toward humanity; Enlil embodies authority, cos
A_1_19 — Enūma Anu Enlil: Mesopotamian Celestial Omen Compendium
Enūma Anu Enlil ("When Anu and Enlil…" — named after its incipit) is the most important Mesopotamian celestial omen series — a massive cuneiform compendium of approximately 68–70 tablets containing some 7,000 omens corre
A_1_14 — Akkadian Empire Texts: Sargon, Naram-Sin, and Imperial Ideology
The Akkadian Empire (~2334–2154 BCE), founded by Sargon the Great, represents the first multi-ethnic, centralized empire in recorded history. Akkadian royal inscriptions, the Sargon Birth Legend, the Curse of Agade, and
A_1_16 — Behistun Inscription and Old Persian Royal Texts
The Behistun Inscription (also spelled Bisotun, located on a cliff face in western Iran) is the most important Old Persian royal text and one of the most significant epigraphic monuments in the history of scholarship — i
A_1_07 — Enuma Elish — The Babylonian Creation Epic
The Enuma Elish ("When on high…") is the Babylonian creation epic — a cosmogonic poem of approximately 1,100 lines inscribed on seven clay tablets, composed ca. 1100 BCE (though likely drawing on older traditions back to
A_1_17 — The Gilgamesh Epic: Complete Analysis and Legacy
The Epic of Gilgamesh is the oldest substantial work of literature in human history, composed across approximately 1,500 years in multiple Sumerian and Akkadian recensions — from independent Sumerian poems (c. 2100 BCE)
A_1_06 — Ugaritic Literature and the Baal Cycle
This document examines Ugaritic Literature and the Baal Cycle, a topic within the Foundations research area. Key areas of investigation include Ras Shamra — Accidental Discovery, The City of Ugarit, The Library and Archi
A_2_01 — Bible Serpent References
The Bible contains extensive references to serpents, dragons, and reptilian-type beings whose original meanings differ sharply from later theological reinterpretation. The Hebrew word "nachash" carries meanings of serpen
A_2_06 — Zohar, Merkabah Literature, and Hekhalot Texts
The Zohar, Merkabah literature, and Hekhalot texts constitute the foundational corpus of Jewish mysticism spanning roughly 1,500 years of development. Merkabah ("chariot") mysticism — rooted in Ezekiel 1 and 10 — represe
A_2_04 — Dead Sea Scrolls Expanded
The Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS), discovered between 1947–1956 in 11 caves near Qumran on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea, comprise over 900 manuscripts dating from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE. Beyond their w
A_2_02 — Nag Hammadi & Gnostic Texts
The Nag Hammadi Library is a collection of 13 leather-bound papyrus codices containing 52 texts, discovered in 1945 near Nag Hammadi, Upper Egypt. Written in Coptic and dated to the 3rd–4th centuries CE (with originals p
A_2_07 — 2 Enoch (Slavonic) and 3 Enoch (Hebrew Apocalypse)
2 Enoch (the "Slavonic Apocalypse of Enoch" or "Book of the Secrets of Enoch") and 3 Enoch (the "Hebrew Apocalypse of Enoch" or "Sefer Hekhalot") are two distinct pseudepigraphical texts that extend the Enochic tradition
A_2_05 — The Hermetic Tradition: Thoth, Hermes Trismegistus, and the Emerald Tablet
This document examines The Hermetic Tradition: Thoth, Hermes Trismegistus, and the Emerald Tablet, a topic within the Foundations research area. Notable findings include: Ancient Egyptian tradition describes a Book of Th
A_4_06 — Quranic Cosmology, Jinn, and Islamic Angelology
The Quran — Islam's primary sacred text (610–632 CE) — presents a rich cosmological framework that includes seven heavens and seven earths, a Throne of God (al-Arsh) upon the cosmic waters, a fully populated invisible re
A_4_08 — Bhagavata Purana — Naga and Avatar Sections
The Bhagavata Purana (also called Srimad Bhagavatam) is one of the eighteen Mahapuranas ("Great Ancient Histories") of Hindu literature, composed in Sanskrit between approximately the 6th and 10th centuries CE. Its twelv
A_4_20 — Mandaean Ginza Rabba: Living Gnostic Scripture
The Ginza Rabba (Ginzā Rbā, "Great Treasure"), also known as the Book of Adam, is the principal holy scripture of the Mandaeans — the world's only surviving Gnostic religion, practiced today by approximately 60,000–100,0
A_3_02 — The Egyptian Pyramid Texts: Oldest Religious Literature on Earth
The Pyramid Texts are the oldest substantial body of Egyptian funerary literature ever discovered and among the oldest substantial religious corpora of any civilization — inscribed on the interior walls of Old Kingdom py
A_3_09 — Ethiopian Sacred Texts Beyond the Kebra Nagast
The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church preserves the most expansive biblical canon in Christendom — 81 books, compared to 66 in the Protestant canon and 73 in the Roman Catholic canon — including texts considered apocryp
A_3_15 — Middle Kingdom Egyptian Literature: Wisdom Texts, Prophecies, and Poetry
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2055–1650 BCE, Dynasties XI–XIII) is recognized as the classical age of Egyptian literature, producing texts that served as literary models for over a millennium. Major genres include wisd
A_3_13 — Meroitic Texts and Nubian Sacred Literature
Meroitic is the oldest written language of sub-Saharan Africa, used by the Kingdom of Kush (centered at Meroë in modern Sudan) from approximately the 3rd century BCE to the 5th century CE. Francis Llewellyn Griffith achi
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