M_5_23 — Post-Glacial Flooding and Submerged Archaeological Landscapes

Between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, c. 26,500–19,000 years ago) and approximately 6,000 years ago, global mean sea level rose by approximately 120–130 m, drowning continental shelves that had been habitable land. The

M_0_00 — Forbidden Archaeology: Section Summary

A_1_15 — Mesopotamian Wisdom Literature

Mesopotamian wisdom literature — spanning over 2,000 years from Sumerian proverb collections (c. 2500 BCE) to late Babylonian philosophical dialogues (c. 500 BCE) — represents humanity's earliest sustained written engage

A_1_18 — Sumerian King List: Antediluvian Records and Divine Kingship

The Sumerian King List (SKL) is a cuneiform document cataloguing the rulers of Sumer from the beginning of kingship — which "descended from heaven" — through successive dynasties across multiple city-states. The most com

A_1_20 — Elamite and Proto-Elamite Script: Iran's Undeciphered Writing Systems

The Elamite civilization of southwestern Iran — centered on the cities of Susa and Anshan — was one of the earliest complex societies of the ancient Near East, rivaling Sumer and Akkad yet remaining far less understood d

A_1_09 — Tiamat — Primordial Chaos Dragon and Cosmic Creation

Tiamat (Akkadian: ti'āmat or tâmtu, "sea") is the primordial chaos deity in the Enuma Elish — the Babylonian creation epic (composed ~1100 BCE, though drawing on older traditions). Tiamat represents the primordial salt w

A_1_16 — Behistun Inscription and Old Persian Royal Texts

The Behistun Inscription (also spelled Bisotun, located on a cliff face in western Iran) is the most important Old Persian royal text and one of the most significant epigraphic monuments in the history of scholarship — i

A_1_07 — Enuma Elish — The Babylonian Creation Epic

The Enuma Elish ("When on high…") is the Babylonian creation epic — a cosmogonic poem of approximately 1,100 lines inscribed on seven clay tablets, composed ca. 1100 BCE (though likely drawing on older traditions back to

A_1_13 — Hittite Treaties and Legal Tradition: From Hattusa to International Law

The Hittite Empire (c. 1650–1178 BCE), based at Hattusa (modern Boğazköy, Turkey), produced one of the richest legal and diplomatic archives of the ancient world. Over 30,000 cuneiform tablet fragments recovered from the

A_1_17 — The Gilgamesh Epic: Complete Analysis and Legacy

The Epic of Gilgamesh is the oldest substantial work of literature in human history, composed across approximately 1,500 years in multiple Sumerian and Akkadian recensions — from independent Sumerian poems (c. 2100 BCE)

A_1_01 — Sumerian Texts and Tablets

The Sumerians of southern Mesopotamia (~4500–1900 BCE) created the world's first known writing system (cuneiform, ~3400 BCE) and left behind hundreds of thousands of clay tablets — the vast majority still untranslated. T

A_1_06 — Ugaritic Literature and the Baal Cycle

This document examines Ugaritic Literature and the Baal Cycle, a topic within the Foundations research area. Key areas of investigation include Ras Shamra — Accidental Discovery, The City of Ugarit, The Library and Archi

A_1_08 — Epic of Gilgamesh — Humanity's Oldest Literary Work

The Epic of Gilgamesh is among the oldest surviving works of narrative literature, with roots in Sumerian poems from the Third Dynasty of Ur (~2100 BCE) and a mature Akkadian composition — the "Standard Babylonian Versio

A_2_07 — 2 Enoch (Slavonic) and 3 Enoch (Hebrew Apocalypse)

2 Enoch (the "Slavonic Apocalypse of Enoch" or "Book of the Secrets of Enoch") and 3 Enoch (the "Hebrew Apocalypse of Enoch" or "Sefer Hekhalot") are two distinct pseudepigraphical texts that extend the Enochic tradition

A_2_03 — Book of Enoch & the Watchers

The Book of Enoch (1 Enoch) is one of the most detailed ancient texts describing interactions between non-human beings ("Watchers") and humanity. Excluded from most biblical canons by the 4th century CE, it was preserved

A_4_31 — Amazonian Indigenous Cosmologies: Tupi, Guarani & Their World

The Tupi-Guarani language family encompasses hundreds of indigenous peoples across a vast territory stretching from the Amazon Basin through eastern Brazil to the Río de la Plata region of Paraguay, Argentina, and Urugua

A_4_20 — Mandaean Ginza Rabba: Living Gnostic Scripture

The Ginza Rabba (Ginzā Rbā, "Great Treasure"), also known as the Book of Adam, is the principal holy scripture of the Mandaeans — the world's only surviving Gnostic religion, practiced today by approximately 60,000–100,0

A_4_29 — Mongolian & Turkic Epic Traditions

The Mongolian and Turkic epic traditions constitute one of the world's great oral literary heritages, spanning from the Altai Mountains to Anatolia across more than two millennia. Central texts include the Secret History

A_3_03 — Egyptian Book of the Dead and Funerary Literature

The Egyptian Book of the Dead (Pert em Hru — "Coming Forth by Day") is a collection of ~200 magical spells, hymns, and instructions designed to guide the deceased through the Duat (underworld) and into eternal life in th

U_1_24 — Overtone & Throat Singing

Overtone singing (also called throat singing or harmonic singing) is a vocal technique in which a single singer simultaneously produces two or more distinct pitches by manipulating the resonant frequencies (formants) of