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8 results for "fortification"

J_4_11 — Ancient Siege Technology: Engineering Warfare

Siege warfare — the art and engineering of attacking and defending fortified positions — drove some of the most sophisticated technological development in the ancient world. From the Assyrian Empire (which pioneered syst

siege warfare catapult ballista trebuchet battering ram

ZC_3_11 Verified Social Science

ZC_3_11 — Warfare and Conflict — Anthropological Perspectives

The anthropology of warfare and conflict addresses one of the most consequential and contested questions in the human sciences: is organized violence a universal feature of human societies, an evolutionary inheritance, o

warfare conflict violence war peace aggression

D_2_07 Sites & Artifacts

D_2_07 — Persepolis: Achaemenid Architecture, Apadana Reliefs, and Imperial Ideology

Persepolis (Old Persian: Pārsa; modern Takht-e Jamshid, Fars Province, Iran) was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, constructed primarily under Darius I (r. 522–486 BCE) and his son Xerxes I (r. 486

Persepolis Achaemenid Darius I Xerxes Apadana Persepolis Fortification Archive

D_2_15 Verified Sites & Artifacts

D_2_15 — Hattusa: Hittite Capital and Treaty Archives

Hattusa (modern Boğazköy/Boğazkale, approximately 150 km east of Ankara in north-central Turkey) — the capital of the Hittite Empire from approximately 1650 to 1180 BCE — was one of the greatest cities of the Late Bronze

Hattusa Hattusha Boğazköy Boghazköy Hittite Anatolia

D_3_16 Verified Sites & Artifacts

D_3_16 — Jericho: Oldest Walled Settlement and Neolithic Revolution

Jericho (Arabic: Arīḥā; Hebrew: Yeriḥo; modern Tell es-Sultan) — an ancient settlement mound beside the perennial spring of Ain es-Sultan in the southern Jordan Valley, approximately 10 km north of the Dead Sea and 258 m

Jericho Tell es-Sultan Neolithic PPNA PPNB tower

D_3_04 Sites & Artifacts

D_3_04 — Great Wall of China — Engineering, Mythology, and Function

The Great Wall of China is not a single wall but a vast network of fortifications built, rebuilt, and extended over 2,500+ years by multiple dynasties, stretching a combined total of approximately 21,196 km according to

Great Wall of China Wanli Changcheng tamped earth hangtu brick signal towers

D_4_07 Verified Sites & Artifacts

D_4_07 — Underwater Ruins of Dwarka: Submerged Indian City

Dwarka (also Dvaraka or Dwaraka) — a modern city on the western tip of Gujarat's Saurashtra Peninsula, India, fronting the Gulf of Kutch and the Arabian Sea — is revered in Hindu tradition as the legendary kingdom of Lor

Dwarka Dwaraka Gulf of Kutch underwater archaeology submerged city Krishna

J_1_12 Credible Ancient Technology

J_1_12 — Vitrified Forts: Scotland's Melted Stone Walls

Across Scotland and parts of continental Europe, approximately 70-80 hillforts display a distinctive and enigmatic feature: their stone walls have been subjected to such intense heat — estimated at 1,000-1,200°C — that t

vitrified fort Scotland melting stone heat

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